Utilidad de la endoscopia intraoperatoria en cirugía esofagogástrica / The utility of intraoperative endoscopy in esophagogastric surgery

La endoscopia flexible (EF) es un procedimiento de gran utilidad para el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de lesiones del tracto digestivo superior. A pesar de que su uso intraoperatorio se ha extendido con el paso de los años, su empleo por parte de cirujanos es aún limitado en nuestro medio. Las oportunidades de capacitación en EF varían ampliamente entre instituciones, especialidades y países. La endoscopia intraoperatoria (EIO) presenta ciertas peculiaridades que aumentan su complejidad respecto a la EF estándar. La realización de EIO repercute positivamente en los resultados quirúrgicos aportándoles seguridad y calidad así como disminución de las complicaciones asociadas a estas técnicas. Debido a sus innumerables ventajas, su uso intraoperatorio por parte de cirujanos es actualmente un proyecto vigente en muchos países y forma parte de un futuro próximo en otros, extendiéndose su uso dentro de la especialidad de cirugía general gracias a la creación de proyectos de formación mejor estructurados. En este manuscrito se realiza una revisión y puesta al día de las indicaciones y utilidades de la endoscopia digestiva alta intraoperatoria en la cirugía esofagogástrica. (AU)

Flexible endoscopy (FE) plays a major role in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Although its intraoperative use has spread over the years, its use by surgeons is still limited in our setting. EF training opportunities are different among many institutions, specialties, and countries. Intraoperative endoscopy (IOE) presents peculiarities that increase its complexity compared to standard EF. IOE has a positive impact on surgical results, due to increased safety and quality, as well as a reduction in the complications. Due to its innumerable advantages, its intraoperative use by surgeons is currently a current project in many countries and is part of the near future in others because of the creation of better structured training projects. This manuscript reviews and updates the indications and uses of intraoperative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in esophagogastric surgery. (AU)

Hidatidosis primaria en la mama, una entidad poco frecuente / Breast primary hydatid cyst, a rare entity

La hidatidosis mamaria es una rara entidad, siendo excepcional su foco primario en la mama. Presentamos el caso de una mujer con una tumoración dolorosa palpable en la mama, con hallazgo de numerosos quistes en el estudio mastológico catalogados como BIRADS 3. Se realizó punción aspiración con aguja fina para citología, no concordante con los hallazgos radiológicos. Ante la persistencia de los síntomas, se realizó una exéresis quirúrgica de la lesión, con hallazgos en la biopsia compatibles con una parasitosis. Una serología positiva para Echinococcus granulosus confirmó el diagnóstico de hidatidosis, por lo que se inició el tratamiento postoperatorio con albendazol. Su evolución fue favorable, sin signos de recidiva y asintomática. Aunque poco común y en ocasiones de presentación y hallazgos inespecíficos, el quiste hidatídico debe considerarse como un diagnóstico diferencial potencialmente serio al evaluar cualquier lesión nodular en la mama en las pacientes de áreas endémicas de esta enfermedad o con factores de riesgo. (AU)

Hydatid breast disease is a rare entity, its primary focus in the breast being exceptional. We present the case of a woman with a palpable painful tumor in the breast, with the finding of numerous cysts in a mastological study, classified as BIRADS 3. FNA was performed for cytology, not consistent with radiological findings. Given the persistence of symptoms, a surgical excision of the lesion was performed, with biopsy findings compatible with parasitosis. A positive serology for Echinococcus granulosus confirmed the diagnosis of hydatidosis, for which postoperative treatment with albendazole was started. Its evolution was favorable, without signs of recurrence and asymptomatic. Although uncommon and sometimes with nonspecific presentation and findings, hydatid cyst should be considered as a potentially serious differential diagnosis when evaluating any nodular lesion in the breast in patients from endemic areas of this disease or with risk factors. (AU)

Invaginación sigmoidea en un adulto. ¿Está indicada la reducción endoscópica preoperatoria? / Sigmoid invagination in an adult. Is preoperative endoscopic reduction indicated?

Introducción. La invaginación intestinal o intususcepción es el deslizamiento de una parte del intestino dentro de otra adyacente. Es la causa más común de obstrucción intestinal en niños entre 3 meses y 6 años de edad, con una baja incidencia en adultos, correspondiente al 1 % del total de los cuadros obstructivos en el adulto. Su localización en colon es poco frecuente, pero conviene prestar especial atención por su asociación a lesiones malignas. Caso clínico. Varón de 39 años que acude a Urgencias con cuadro de obstrucción intestinal secundario a una invaginación en sigmoide. Se intenta reducción endoscópica, sin éxito, por lo que se indicó cirugía urgente, realizando sigmoidectomía y anastomosis colorrectal. El resultado anatomopatológico informó un adenoma de gran tamaño como causante de la invaginación. Conclusión. Existen controversias respecto al manejo endoscópico en invaginación intestinal en los adultos, especialmente en el colon, debido al elevado porcentaje de etiología tumoral maligna, recomendándose actualmente la resección en bloque sin reducción, para minimizar el riesgo de potencial siembra tumoral.

Introduction. Intestinal invagination or intussusception is the sliding of one part of the intestine into the adjacent one. It is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children between 3 months and 6 years of age, with a low incidence in adults, corresponding to 1% of all obstructive conditions in adults. Its location in the colon is rare, but special attention should be paid due to its association with malignant lesions. Case report. A 39-year-old male admitted to the emergency department with symptoms of intestinal obstruction secondary to a sigmoid intussusception. Endoscopic reduction was attempted, without success, so urgent surgery was indicated, performing sigmoidectomy and colorectal anastomosis. The pathology result reported a large adenoma as the cause of invagination. Conclusion. There are controversies regarding the endoscopic management of intussusception in adults, especially in the colon, due to the high percentage of malignant tumor etiology, currently recommending en bloc resection without reduction, to minimize the risk of potential tumor seeding.

Divertículo duodenal intraluminal como causa de obstrucción duodenal / Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum as a cause of duodenal obstruction

Introducción. El divertículo duodenal intraluminal, también conocido como windsock diverticulum, es una causa rara de dolor abdominal intermitente y plenitud postpandrial, que puede complicarse con obstrucción, sangrado, pancreatitis o colangitis. Suele cursar de forma asintomática y ante la aparición de síntomas el tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 24 años, sin antecedentes de interés, que es estudiada por dolor abdominal y plenitud postpandrial, que resulta finalmente en una obstrucción intestinal alta. Tras estudio exhaustivo y necesidad de una cirugía previa, es diagnosticada de un divertículo duodenal intraluminal. Conclusión. La paciente se trató mediante cirugía con resolución exitosa del cuadro de obstrucción intestinal.

Introduction: Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum, also known as a windsock diverticulum, is a rare cause of intermittent abdominal pain and postprandial fullness, which can be complicated by obstruction, bleeding, pancreatitis, or cholangitis. It is usually asymptomatic and when symptoms appear, the treatment of choice is surgical. Clinical case: We present the case of a 24-year-old woman with no relevant history who is studied for abdominal pain and postprandial fullness, presented with an upper intestinal obstruction. After an exhaustive study and the need for a previous surgery, she was diagnosed with an intraluminal duodenal diverticulum.Conclusion: The patient was treated by surgery with successful resolution of the intestinal obstruction

Diversion Colitis and Probiotic Stimulation: Effects of Bowel Stimulation Prior to Ileostomy Closure.

Background: Diversion colitis is a non-specific inflammation of a defunctionalised segment of the colon after a temporary stoma has been performed. This inflammation is associated with a change in the colonic flora. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative stimulation of the efferent loop with probiotics prior to closure of the protective ileostomy in patients operated on colorectal carcinoma and its effect on diversion colitis. A prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled study is carried out. Methods: Patients who underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma with protective ileostomy pending reconstructive surgery and with diversion colitis as diagnosis are included. Randomised and divided into two groups. Histological and endoscopic changes were evaluated after stimulation, after restorative surgery and during the short-term follow-up after surgery. Results: Patients in CG were distributed according to the endoscopic index of severity in pre-stimulation/post-stimulation as follows: severe n = 9/9 (25.7%), moderate n = 23/23 (65.7%), and mild n = 3/3 (8.6%); compared to the distribution in SG, severe n = 9/0 (26.5/0%), moderate n = 23/3 (67.6/8.8%), mild n = 2/19 (5.9/55.9%) and normal colonoscopy in 0/12 patients (0/35.3%). Conclusion: Probiotic stimulation of the efferent loop is a safe and effective method, managing to reduce both macroscopic and microscopic colitis, as well as a decrease in symptoms in the short term after reconstructive surgery.

Serological Biomarkers and Diversion Colitis: Changes after Stimulation with Probiotics.

Diversion colitis is a non-specific inflammation of a defunctionalised segment of the colon after a temporary stoma has been performed. This inflammation is associated with an alteration of certain inflammatory serum markers. The aims of this study were, firstly, to evaluate the modification of inflammatory biomarkers after stimulation with probiotics prior to closure of the protective ileostomy. Secondly, to identify if a relationship could be established between the severity of diversion colitis and the alteration of inflammatory biomarkers in the blood. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study was conducted. Patients who underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma with protective ileostomy between January 2017 and December 2018 were included, pending reconstructive surgery and with diversion colitis as diagnosis. The sample was randomly divided into a group stimulated with probiotics (SG) (n = 34) and a control group (CG) (n = 35). Histological and endoscopic changes were evaluated after stimulation, after restorative surgery and during the short-term follow-up after surgery, including the correlation with pro-inflammatory biomarkers in blood. As main findings, a significant decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP), Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR ratio), and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (LMR ratio) was observed in the SG versus the CG with a p < 0.001. A significant increase in transferrin values and in the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was observed in the SG versus CG after stimulation with probiotics with a p < 0.001. A normalisation of CRP and transferrin levels was observed in the third month of follow-up after closure ileostomy, and NLR, LMR and PLR ratios were equal in both groups. Decreased modified Glasgow prognostic score was found in SG compared to CG after probiotic stimulation (p < 0.001). The endoscopic and histological severity of diversion colitis is associated with a greater alteration of blood inflammatory biomarkers. The stimulation with probiotics prior to reconstructive surgery promotes an early normalization of these parameters.

Diversion Colitis: Macro and Microscopic Findings after Probiotics Stimulation.

The use of a loop ileostomy as the defunctioning procedure of choice to protect a distal colonic anastomosis causes histological and endoscopic changes in the intestinal mucosal architecture, which have been related to chronic inflammation and changes in the microflora that consequently impact the intestinal structure and function following fecal stream diversion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological and endoscopic changes on the colonic mucosa in patients with diversion colitis after stimulation of the efferent loop with probiotics prior to closure of the protective ileostomy. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study was designed. All patients who underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma with protective ileostomy between January 2017 and December 2018 were included. These patients were pending reconstructive surgery and were diagnosed with endoscopic and histological diversion colitis. Divided into two groups, a group stimulated with probiotics (SG) and a control group (CG). 34 cases and 35 controls were included in the study. Histological and endoscopic changes were evaluated after stimulation, after restorative surgery and during the short-term follow-up after surgery. A decrease in endoscopic pathological findings (mucosal friability, mucous erosions, polyps, edema, erythema and stenosis) and in histological findings (follicular hyperplasia, eosinophils, cryptic abscesses, lymphocyte infiltration, plasma cell infiltration and architecture distortion) was observed in SG. These results were statistically significant with a p < 0.001. The stimulation of the efferent loop of the ileostomy in patients with diversion colitis produced a decrease of the endoscopic and histological severity of colitis in the short term.

Postoperative Ileus after Stimulation with Probiotics before Ileostomy Closure.

Loop ileostomy closure after colorectal surgery is often associated with Postoperative ileus, with an incidence between 13-20%. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative stimulation of the efferent loop with probiotics prior to ileostomy closure in patients operated on for colorectal carcinoma. For this, a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study is designed. All patients who underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma with loop ileostomy were included. Randomized and divided into two groups, 34 cases and 35 controls were included in the study. Postoperative ileus, the need for nasogastric tube insertion, the time required to begin tolerating a diet, restoration of bowel function, and duration of hospital stay were evaluated. The incidence of Postoperative ileus was similar in both groups, 9/34 patients stimulated with probiotics and 10/35 in the control group (CG) with a p = 0.192. The comparative analysis showed a direct relationship between Postoperative ileus after oncological surgery and Postoperative ileus after reconstruction surgery, independently of stimulation. Postoperative ileus after closure ileostomy is independent of stimulation of the ileostomy with probiotics through the efferent loop. There seem to be a relationship between Postoperative ileus after reconstruction and the previous existence of Postoperative ileus after colorectal cancer surgery.

Manejo de la fístula gastrocutánea tras gastrostomía. La cirugía como opción terapéutica / No disponible

No disponible

Management of gastrocutaneous fistulas following gastrostomy: surgery as a therapeutic option.

Gastrocutaneous fistulas (GCF) following removal of gastrostomy tubes are an uncommon complication with many therapeutic options. It is a drawback that concerns both patient and surgeon, hindering the decision to perform an invasive treatment. Despite emerging minimally invasive procedures, we must not forget that surgery continues to be the standard treatment when they all fail.